Could A Bee Mushroom Save The Honeybee?

Commercial honeybees have teetered on the brink of collapse for nearly a decade. Scientists are now looking to forest mushrooms as a possible remedy.Photo by Ken Christensen/EarthFix/KCTS 9

Honeybees need a healthy diet of pollen, nectar and water. But at a bee laboratory in eastern Washington, Steve Sheppard fills their feeding tubes with murky brown liquid from the forest.

His bees are getting a healthy dose of mushroom juice.

“If this does what we hope, it will be truly revolutionary,” said Sheppard, who heads the Department of Entomology at Washington State University. “Beekeepers are running out of options.”

Commercial honeybees, which pollinate $15 billion worth of crops in the United States annually, have teetered on the brink of collapse for nearly a decade. Nearly a third of colonies died each winter from 2006 to 2011. Since 2012, winter losses have averaged a quarter, according to an annual nationwide survey of beekeepers.

Scientists say the mysterious phenomenon, known as colony collapse disorder, may be the result of at least 60 environmental factors that combine to cripple honeybees — including pesticides, disease, malnutrition, loss of habitat and climate change.

Paul Stamets and Steve Sheppard, two scientists in Washington state, team up to save the honeybee from colony collapse disorder. They’re investigating an unconventional remedy: the mushroom. 

Like a pancake ‘feeding on you’

According to Sheppard, beekeepers say the greatest obstacle to staying in business each year is a virus-carrying parasite called the varroa mite.

Sheppard has spent decades breeding western honeybees to better tolerate the mite and its viruses. But he hasn’t had much success, he said.If left untreated, varroa mites typically destroy a colony of honeybees in less than two years.

Photo by Ken Christensen/EarthFix/KCTS 9

Varroa mites have devastated U.S. beehives since the late 1980s, when they arrived here from Asia. In 1996, half of colonies east of the Mississippi River died due to mite infestations.

The reddish-brown pests, which are no bigger than the head of a pin, invade colonies and multiply rapidly. They hide among bee larvae developing in the honeycomb, feed on infant bee blood and lay several eggs each.“

It would be like having something the size of a pancake feeding on you,” Sheppard said.

Honeybees that emerge from the infected hives typically carry illnesses, like a virus that results in deformed wings that prevent bees from flying.

Varroa mites feed on honeybees and transmit several viruses to their hosts. Photo by Ken Christensen/EarthFix/KCTS 9

If beekeepers don’t intervene, the varroa mite can destroy a colony in less than two years. Meanwhile, the pest reproduces so rapidly it builds resistance to chemical pesticides more quickly than solutions can be invented, Sheppard said.

That’s why he decided to try an unconventional approach last year, after local mushroom expert Paul Stamets called him with an idea to help arm the honeybee in its fight against the mite.

Learning the way of the bee“

We’ve gone to the moon, we’ve gone to Mars, but we don’t know the way of the bee?” asked Stamets, who owns the medicinal mushroom company Fungi Perfecti near Olympia, Washington.

The self-taught mycologist said he noticed a relationship between honeybees and mushrooms when he observed bees sipping on sugar-rich fungal roots growing in his backyard.

“I looked down, and they were sucking on my mycelium,” he said.

The red-belted polypore mushroom is among five species of fungi that have been shown to improve the honeybee’s immune system. Photo by Katja Schulz via Flickr Commons

Now he thinks he knows why.

In recent years, his research has shown that rare fungi found in the old-growth forests of western Washington can help fight other viruses, including tuberculosis, smallpox and bird flu. He wondered if the honeybee would see similar health benefits from wood-rotting mushrooms.

“Bees have immune systems just like we do,” he said. “These mushrooms are like miniature pharmaceutical factories.”

Stamets and Sheppard are feeding liquid extracts of those forest mushrooms to mite-infected honeybees. Initial findings suggest that five species of the wood-rotting fungi can reduce the honeybees’ viruses and increase their lifespans.

In addition, the scientists are trying to fight honeybee viruses by taking aim at the varroa mite itself. Insect-killing fungi have been used as an alternative to synthetic chemical pesticides for years, and previous studies show that one type of entomopathogenic fungus can weaken varroa mites in beehives.

Killing parasites without harming bees

Paul Stamets thinks his version of the fungus will be more effective. So far, the results of the experiments in Sheppard’s lab look promising.

“The product seems to be killing mites without harming bees,” Sheppard said.

This fall, the scientists plan to expand both experiments by partnering with commercial beekeepers like Eric Olson, who runs the largest commercial beekeeping operation in Washington.

Olson said two-thirds of his beehives died five years ago because of a varroa mite infestation. After several years successfully controlling the pest, he arrived this year in California for almond pollination season, and nearly half of his bees had died during the winter.

He spent $770,000 to buy replacement hives, he said.

“I was lucky that I had the cash and the connections to recover from that,” he said.

Olson recently donated about $50,000 to Sheppard’s department to help find a solution to the mite. Looking at the bees in one of his hives, he said, “I’m really concerned about whether these little girls will survive.”

General Questions About Bee Mushroom 

What specific types of mushrooms are being used in the research to help honeybees?

The research involves using extracts from wood-rotting mushrooms, including the red-belted polypore mushroom and four other species. These mushrooms have been shown to improve the immune system of honeybees and reduce their viruses.

How do the mushroom extracts help the honeybees fight off the varroa mite?

The mushroom extracts help by boosting the honeybees' immune systems, making them more resilient to viruses transmitted by the varroa mites. Additionally, certain insect-killing fungi used in the extracts can directly weaken or kill the varroa mites without harming the bees.

What are the long-term goals of this mushroom-based treatment research?

The long-term goals include developing a sustainable, natural treatment that beekeepers can use to protect their colonies from varroa mites and associated viruses, ultimately reducing colony collapse disorder and improving the overall health of honeybee populations.

Are there any potential side effects of using mushroom extracts on honeybee colonies?

So far, the research indicates that the mushroom extracts are killing mites without harming the bees. However, ongoing studies are needed to fully understand any potential long-term effects or side effects on the bee colonies.

How soon could commercial beekeepers expect to see these mushroom-based treatments available for use?

The treatments are still in the experimental stage, with promising initial results. The researchers plan to expand their experiments and partner with commercial beekeepers, but it may take a few more years of testing and refinement before the treatments are widely available for commercial use.

Source: Could a mushroom save the honeybee?